The
Constitution of Myanmar: A Contextual Analysis
This timely and accessible book is the first to provide a thorough analysis of the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar (Burma) in its historical, political and social context. The book offers an in-depth exploration of the key elements of the 2008 Constitution in theory and practice. The book canvasses the historical foundations of the Constitution and the issue of credibility raised by the past process of constitution-making. The book identifies and articulates the principles of the Constitution through an analysis of legal and political process since the 1990s. It highlights critical constitutional contestations that have taken place over fundamental principles such as democracy, federalism, executive-legislative relations, judicial independence and the role of the Tatmadaw (armed forces). This book suggests that the 2008 Constitution is crucial to the establishment and maintenance of the military-state. The military-state promotes the role of the military in governance, including its ideology, and insists on a qualified notion of democracy and loyalty to the Union. The Constitution represents a codified and hybrid system, blending remnants of its earlier model of parliamentary democracy with an agenda of socialist-military legality. From its inception in the 1990s, this constitutional vision and its associated institutions have been the subject of fierce contestation. Not least is debate over the militarisation of governance through direct and indirect means. Central to the future of the Constitution and the military-state in Myanmar is the role of the Tatmadaw in governance, and the extent to which the country may shift from a highly centralised Union to a federal or decentralised system of governance.
Melissa
Crouch (Hart Publishing)
This timely and accessible book is the first to provide a thorough analysis of the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar (Burma) in its historical, political and social context. The book offers an in-depth exploration of the key elements of the 2008 Constitution in theory and practice. The book canvasses the historical foundations of the Constitution and the issue of credibility raised by the past process of constitution-making. The book identifies and articulates the principles of the Constitution through an analysis of legal and political process since the 1990s. It highlights critical constitutional contestations that have taken place over fundamental principles such as democracy, federalism, executive-legislative relations, judicial independence and the role of the Tatmadaw (armed forces). This book suggests that the 2008 Constitution is crucial to the establishment and maintenance of the military-state. The military-state promotes the role of the military in governance, including its ideology, and insists on a qualified notion of democracy and loyalty to the Union. The Constitution represents a codified and hybrid system, blending remnants of its earlier model of parliamentary democracy with an agenda of socialist-military legality. From its inception in the 1990s, this constitutional vision and its associated institutions have been the subject of fierce contestation. Not least is debate over the militarisation of governance through direct and indirect means. Central to the future of the Constitution and the military-state in Myanmar is the role of the Tatmadaw in governance, and the extent to which the country may shift from a highly centralised Union to a federal or decentralised system of governance.
Click
here
to read review >
“Myanmar’s Constitution was not expected to matter much when it was adopted in 2008, but
Professor
Crouch demonstrates that it has produced a vigorous set of debates about the country’s
trajectory.
This is the definitive English-language volume on Myanmar’s Constitution and essential for
anyone
following the country.”
Professor Tom Ginsburg, University of Chicago
“Dr Crouch’s book is a remarkable exploration of the emerging constitutional order of Myanmar – deeply knowledgeable about Myanmar’s constitutional history, conscious of the profound divisions within Myanmar and the consequent array of demands made upon that order, and acute in its interpretations of a constitution undergoing rapid change. This book will be of great interest to those wishing to understand law and government in Myanmar, but also those interested generally in transitions from military rule, the governance of ethnically diverse societies, and the transition from colonial to post-colonial political orders.”
Professor Jeremy Webber, University of Victoria
“This is a welcome and timely new contribution to the excellent Hart series. It offers a well-informed analysis of the current constitutional arrangements in Myanmar, at a time when proposals for change are once again under discussion. The book will be an invaluable resource for those interested in Myanmar, Asian constitutional systems and multi-level government in times of transition.”
Professor Cheryl Saunders, University of Melbourne
Professor Tom Ginsburg, University of Chicago
“Dr Crouch’s book is a remarkable exploration of the emerging constitutional order of Myanmar – deeply knowledgeable about Myanmar’s constitutional history, conscious of the profound divisions within Myanmar and the consequent array of demands made upon that order, and acute in its interpretations of a constitution undergoing rapid change. This book will be of great interest to those wishing to understand law and government in Myanmar, but also those interested generally in transitions from military rule, the governance of ethnically diverse societies, and the transition from colonial to post-colonial political orders.”
Professor Jeremy Webber, University of Victoria
“This is a welcome and timely new contribution to the excellent Hart series. It offers a well-informed analysis of the current constitutional arrangements in Myanmar, at a time when proposals for change are once again under discussion. The book will be an invaluable resource for those interested in Myanmar, Asian constitutional systems and multi-level government in times of transition.”
Professor Cheryl Saunders, University of Melbourne
The Politics of Court Reform: Judicial Change and Legal Culture in Indonesia
In this volume, experts on Indonesian law and courts reflect on the growth and changes in the role and function of courts in Indonesia. Indonesia’s judiciary is a critical part of its democratic system. Since the transition from authoritarian rule in 1998, a range of new specialized courts have been established, from the Commercial Court to the Constitutional Court and the Fisheries Court. In addition, constitutional and legal changes have affirmed the principle of judicial independence and accountability. A raft of judicial reform programs have been pursued to address various issues within the judicial system, not the least of these being corruption. The growth of Indonesia’s economy, combined with the size as the fourth most populous country in the world, means that the courts are facing greater pressure to resolve an increasing number of disputes – from contracts to property disputes, criminal matters, or family law. The aim of this volume is to offer in-depth reflections on the role of the courts and legal reform in Indonesia. The chapters acknowledge that late Professor Dan S Lev was a leading scholar of the politics of courts in Indonesia. The chapters share a common concern by reconsidering the relevance of Lev’s work in light of the changes to the judiciary in Indonesia. Not least of these is the question of whether Lev’s reflections on legal culture, and particularly his concerns about the increase of corruption and the decline in professionalism, remain true today and to what extent legal reforms have addressed these concerns. This volume will be of interest to scholars of law, political science, law and development, Asian Studies, the politics of courts, and law and society.
Melissa Crouch (edited volume, Cambridge University Press)
In this volume, experts on Indonesian law and courts reflect on the growth and changes in the role and function of courts in Indonesia. Indonesia’s judiciary is a critical part of its democratic system. Since the transition from authoritarian rule in 1998, a range of new specialized courts have been established, from the Commercial Court to the Constitutional Court and the Fisheries Court. In addition, constitutional and legal changes have affirmed the principle of judicial independence and accountability. A raft of judicial reform programs have been pursued to address various issues within the judicial system, not the least of these being corruption. The growth of Indonesia’s economy, combined with the size as the fourth most populous country in the world, means that the courts are facing greater pressure to resolve an increasing number of disputes – from contracts to property disputes, criminal matters, or family law. The aim of this volume is to offer in-depth reflections on the role of the courts and legal reform in Indonesia. The chapters acknowledge that late Professor Dan S Lev was a leading scholar of the politics of courts in Indonesia. The chapters share a common concern by reconsidering the relevance of Lev’s work in light of the changes to the judiciary in Indonesia. Not least of these is the question of whether Lev’s reflections on legal culture, and particularly his concerns about the increase of corruption and the decline in professionalism, remain true today and to what extent legal reforms have addressed these concerns. This volume will be of interest to scholars of law, political science, law and development, Asian Studies, the politics of courts, and law and society.
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here
to read review >
"This volume is a major forward contribution to and commentary on the pioneering work of Dan Lev on the law, courts and Politics of Indonesia--an ideal path for bring comparativists up to date."
Professor Martin Shapiro, University of California Berkeley
“Unprecedented in scope and depth, The Politics of Courts in Indonesia is a milestone in scholarly analysis of the third branch of government in Indonesia. Focusing on the array of specialist courts that have proliferated in the country over the last twenty years, it casts a critical eye on numerous aspects of the functioning – and, often, dysfunction – of the Indonesian judiciary. The contributors make a signal contribution to our understanding of the achievements and shortcomings of judicial reform, and of the place of courts in Indonesian society writ large.”
Professor Edward Aspinall, Australian National University
“This volume presents a remarkable series of critical analyses of Indonesian constitutionalism, politics, and legal practice over the two decades since the fall of Suharto’s New Order - through critical re-engagements with socio-legal approaches to more than a dozen distinct court systems in the country. It is thus both an impressive tribute to the legacy of Dan Lev, and an important original contribution to Asian legal studies in its own right.”
Professor R. Michael Feener, Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
Professor Martin Shapiro, University of California Berkeley
“Unprecedented in scope and depth, The Politics of Courts in Indonesia is a milestone in scholarly analysis of the third branch of government in Indonesia. Focusing on the array of specialist courts that have proliferated in the country over the last twenty years, it casts a critical eye on numerous aspects of the functioning – and, often, dysfunction – of the Indonesian judiciary. The contributors make a signal contribution to our understanding of the achievements and shortcomings of judicial reform, and of the place of courts in Indonesian society writ large.”
Professor Edward Aspinall, Australian National University
“This volume presents a remarkable series of critical analyses of Indonesian constitutionalism, politics, and legal practice over the two decades since the fall of Suharto’s New Order - through critical re-engagements with socio-legal approaches to more than a dozen distinct court systems in the country. It is thus both an impressive tribute to the legacy of Dan Lev, and an important original contribution to Asian legal studies in its own right.”
Professor R. Michael Feener, Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies
The
Business of Transition: Law Reform, Development and Economics in
Myanmar
Edited by Melissa Crouch (2017), Cambridge University Press
Edited by Melissa Crouch (2017), Cambridge University Press
This
volume offers a
timely reflection on law, development and economics through empirical and
comparative perspectives on
contemporary Myanmar. The central theme of the book is to understand the business
that takes place in
times of major political change through law and development initiatives and foreign
investment. This
book identifies the way in which law reform creates new markets, embodies hopes of
social engineering
and is animated by economic gain. This book is an invitation to think carefully and
critically about the
intersection between law, development and economics in times of political
transition. The chapters in
this volume speak to a range of common issues – land rights, access to finance,
economic development,
the role of law including its potential and its limits, and the intersection between
local actors,
globalised ideas and the international community. This interdisciplinary book is for
students, scholars
and practitioners of law and development, Asian Studies, political science and
international
relations.
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here to read review >
"This
is compulsory
reading for policy analysts and/or academics interested in the process of business
and commercial
legal reform. Through the prism of Myanmar – a country at the confluence of
geoeconomics, political
and economic transition – the contributors to this volume bring to bear theoretical
sophistication
alongside deep empirical knowledge to explore the business of transition. The book
eschews
technocratic analysis of legal reform, and instead analyses how social forces such
as business,
labour, the legal profession as well as political elites and multilateral
organisations are engaged
in contestations that shape the business of transition. It is essential reading
material for anyone
wishing to understand the complex dynamics of legal change, not just in Myanmar but
in an array
transitional economies and polities."
Professor Kanishka Jayasuriya, Murdoch University
Professor Kanishka Jayasuriya, Murdoch University
“The
Business of Transition offers a
new and searching critique of the decades-long enterprise of law and
development. Myanmar cross-disciplinary specialists in law and markets
superbly
question glib conventionalities, boldly encounter intricate complexities,
and
refuse to be locked into formulaic answers. Through intensive case studies
the
authors skillfully explore the complex, fraught and sometimes paradoxical
interplay between international donors and advisors and domestic actors,
whether political elites, businesses, non-profits, civil society or local
communities. Every specialist in globalization, law and markets will
benefit greatly from thoughtful engagement with this excellent volume as it
reveals again the intricacy and particularity of every country’s encounter
with
the transnational and global.”
Professor Terence Halliday, Center on Law and Globalization, American Bar Foundation
Professor Terence Halliday, Center on Law and Globalization, American Bar Foundation
“Myanmar provides a particularly instructive
context for exploring the relationship between law and development as it
undergoes two dramatic and simultaneous transitions: from military
rule
to semi-democracy, and from socialism to a market economy. The
essays in
this volume make a compelling case that “best practices” transplanted
from
foreign jurisdictions provide limited purchase on the unique challenges
that
such transitions entail and imply more modesty than has often been the
case on
the part of external agencies in promoting their conception of an
appropriate
law reform agenda.”
Professor Michael Trebilcock, University of Toronto
Professor Michael Trebilcock, University of Toronto
“The
contributors to this volume, diverse
in origin, expertise and experience, blend to give an insightful commentary
on
and exposition of the present realities and future possibilities of this
unique
transitional economy. It places contemporary empirical data in a broader
context. Its coverage of economic, legal, social, political, moral and
humanitarian issues as well as the examination of the interaction between
domestic, regional and international regimes make this a book that should be
on
the shelves of scholarly and business readers alike.'
Mary
E. Hiscock - Emeritus Professor of Law, Bond
University, Australia
Islam and the
State in Myanmar:
Muslim-Buddhist Relations and the Politics of Belonging
The edited volume aims to reinvigorate scholarship on Islam in Myanmar, to explore the diversity within the Muslim community, to offer new empirical research, and to bring a scholarly perspective and insight into complex issues raised by the position of Muslims where they form a minority in states across Asia. It brings together a wide range of scholars from Burma Studies, Islamic studies and a wide range of other disciplines – international relations, political science, history, law and anthropology. Importantly, it also features a number of chapters by Muslim scholars from Myanmar, some based in Myanmar while others are based abroad, who represent a diverse range of ethnic backgrounds. My own chapter focuses on Islamic personal law in the general courts in Myanmar as a site of interaction between Muslims and the state.
Mukul Kesavan, ‘Murderous Majorities’ The New York Review of Books, January 2018
Imtiyaz Yusuf, Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford University Press) 2018
Edited
by Melissa Crouch, 2016, Oxford University Press
The edited volume aims to reinvigorate scholarship on Islam in Myanmar, to explore the diversity within the Muslim community, to offer new empirical research, and to bring a scholarly perspective and insight into complex issues raised by the position of Muslims where they form a minority in states across Asia. It brings together a wide range of scholars from Burma Studies, Islamic studies and a wide range of other disciplines – international relations, political science, history, law and anthropology. Importantly, it also features a number of chapters by Muslim scholars from Myanmar, some based in Myanmar while others are based abroad, who represent a diverse range of ethnic backgrounds. My own chapter focuses on Islamic personal law in the general courts in Myanmar as a site of interaction between Muslims and the state.
Click
here
to read review >
“This highly informative yet eminently accessible set of studies of Islam in
Burma/Myanmar is surely
most welcome by specialists and general audiences alike at multiple levels. These
thoughtful and
authoritative studies of the mediation of competing claims in national politics and
policy are
celebrated for defying the myth of the orthodoxy of Middle Eastern Islam and its
pretensions of Islamic
states."
Professor Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na‘im, Emory University Law School and author of Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Sharia (2008).
Martin Van Bruinessen (2018) ‘Book Review’, 174 (2-3) Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia, 305-310.Professor Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na‘im, Emory University Law School and author of Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Sharia (2008).
Mukul Kesavan, ‘Murderous Majorities’ The New York Review of Books, January 2018
Imtiyaz Yusuf, Journal of Islamic Studies (Oxford University Press) 2018
"For all too long, Muslims in Burma/Myanmar
have remained an ‘invisible minority’, and the attention they’ve begun to
receive
in recent years has come only in the sad context of persecution and violence.
This book succeeds not only in providing much needed historical, sociological,
and political contextualisation of recent developments and trends, but also in
restoring Islam and Muslims to their rightful place as established fixtures and
active forces in the making of Burmese history and society. Melissa Crouch and
the other authors in this volume have done a great service – intellectually and
politically – by assembling this excellent collection of essays.
Professor John Sidel, London School of Economics and Political Science and author of Riots, Pogroms, Jihad: Religious Violence in Indonesia (Cornell University Press)
"A first glimpse of Muslims in Myanmar, this book sets the stage for what will hopefully become a new field of research on Islam in Southeast Asia. Bringing together a wide range of voices, Crouch provides a window from which we can peer into the precarious lives of people who have until recently been unknown to the global, reading public.
Professor Anver Emon, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, and author of Islamic Natural Law Theories, and Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law (OUP).
In a field of scholarship where it is assumed that Buddhism is the primary influence on the state and the majority of Myanmar’s citizens, this book makes an important intervention in breaking ground for the further study of a minority group in Myanmar that is not only marginalized politically but virtually ignored academically."
Dr Matthew Walton, Aung San Suu Kyi Senior Research Fellow in Modern Burmese Studies, St Antony's College, University of Oxford
Professor John Sidel, London School of Economics and Political Science and author of Riots, Pogroms, Jihad: Religious Violence in Indonesia (Cornell University Press)
"A first glimpse of Muslims in Myanmar, this book sets the stage for what will hopefully become a new field of research on Islam in Southeast Asia. Bringing together a wide range of voices, Crouch provides a window from which we can peer into the precarious lives of people who have until recently been unknown to the global, reading public.
Professor Anver Emon, Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, and author of Islamic Natural Law Theories, and Religious Pluralism and Islamic Law: Dhimmis and Others in the Empire of Law (OUP).
In a field of scholarship where it is assumed that Buddhism is the primary influence on the state and the majority of Myanmar’s citizens, this book makes an important intervention in breaking ground for the further study of a minority group in Myanmar that is not only marginalized politically but virtually ignored academically."
Dr Matthew Walton, Aung San Suu Kyi Senior Research Fellow in Modern Burmese Studies, St Antony's College, University of Oxford
Law,
Society and Transition
in Myanmar
This is the first edited volume to address the dynamics of the legal system of Myanmar/Burma in the context of the transition to democracy. It includes contributions from leading scholars in the field on a range of key legal issues now facing Myanmar, such as judicial independence, constitutional law, human rights and institutional reform. It features chapters on the legal history of Myanmar; electoral reform; the role of the judiciary; economic reforms; and the state of company law. It also includes chapters that draw on the experiences of other countries to contextualise Myanmar's law reform process in comparative setting, including Myanmar's participation in regional bodies such as ASEAN. This topical book comes at a critical juncture in Myanmar's legal development and will be an invaluable resource for students and academics seeking greater understanding of the legal system of Myanmar. It will also be vital reading for a wide range of government, business and civil society organisations seeking to re-engage with Myanmar, as it navigates the challenges of transition towards democracy and the rule of law.
Note: this book is also available for purchase in Myanmar from the Myanmar Book Centre, and Monument Books in Yangon.
Edited
by Melissa Crouch and Tim Lindsey, 2014 Hart Publishing
This is the first edited volume to address the dynamics of the legal system of Myanmar/Burma in the context of the transition to democracy. It includes contributions from leading scholars in the field on a range of key legal issues now facing Myanmar, such as judicial independence, constitutional law, human rights and institutional reform. It features chapters on the legal history of Myanmar; electoral reform; the role of the judiciary; economic reforms; and the state of company law. It also includes chapters that draw on the experiences of other countries to contextualise Myanmar's law reform process in comparative setting, including Myanmar's participation in regional bodies such as ASEAN. This topical book comes at a critical juncture in Myanmar's legal development and will be an invaluable resource for students and academics seeking greater understanding of the legal system of Myanmar. It will also be vital reading for a wide range of government, business and civil society organisations seeking to re-engage with Myanmar, as it navigates the challenges of transition towards democracy and the rule of law.
Note: this book is also available for purchase in Myanmar from the Myanmar Book Centre, and Monument Books in Yangon.
Click
here
to read review >
"With chapters contributed by renowned legal experts and specialists on Myanmar, it
explains how law is
understood in Myanmar and how it works in practise"
"...this volume will serve as a good reference work for scholars interested in Myanmar by highlighting the importance of legal reform in its nascent transition."
U Chit Win, PhD candidate at ANU; Deputy Director from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Naypyidaw; in Australian Journal of Administrative Law (2015) 22: 199-200
UNSW Newsletter, Uniken Winter 2015 review
Reviewed by Moe Thuzar (2016), Contemporary Southeast Asia
Reviewed by Mahdev Mohan (2015), Asian Journal of Comparative Law
"...this volume will serve as a good reference work for scholars interested in Myanmar by highlighting the importance of legal reform in its nascent transition."
U Chit Win, PhD candidate at ANU; Deputy Director from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Naypyidaw; in Australian Journal of Administrative Law (2015) 22: 199-200
UNSW Newsletter, Uniken Winter 2015 review
Reviewed by Moe Thuzar (2016), Contemporary Southeast Asia
Reviewed by Mahdev Mohan (2015), Asian Journal of Comparative Law
Law and Religion
in Indonesia:
Conflict and the Courts in West Java
Understanding and managing inter-religious relations, particularly between Muslims and Christians, presents a challenge for states around the world. This book investigates the judicialisation of religion in the world’s largest majority-Muslim, democratic country, Indonesia. It examines how the interaction between state and religion has influenced relations between religious communities in the transition to democracy. The book presents original case studies based on empirical field research of legal disputes in West Java, a majority-Muslim province with a history of radical Islam. These include criminal prosecutions for blasphemy, as well as cases of judicial review, relating to disputes concerning religious education and permits for religious buildings. The book argues that the introduction of democracy has increased the politicization of religion. It highlights the way in which disputes since 1998 have been localized through the decentralization of power and exacerbated by the central government’s ambivalent attitude towards radical Islamists who disregard the rule of law. The book examines the challenges facing governments to accommodate minorities and manage religious pluralism, and furthers understanding of state-religion relations in the Muslim world. This accessible and engaging book is of interest to students and scholars of law and society in Southeast Asia; Islam and the state; politics of the courts; and the legal regulation of religious diversity.
Melissa
Crouch, 2013, Routledge
Understanding and managing inter-religious relations, particularly between Muslims and Christians, presents a challenge for states around the world. This book investigates the judicialisation of religion in the world’s largest majority-Muslim, democratic country, Indonesia. It examines how the interaction between state and religion has influenced relations between religious communities in the transition to democracy. The book presents original case studies based on empirical field research of legal disputes in West Java, a majority-Muslim province with a history of radical Islam. These include criminal prosecutions for blasphemy, as well as cases of judicial review, relating to disputes concerning religious education and permits for religious buildings. The book argues that the introduction of democracy has increased the politicization of religion. It highlights the way in which disputes since 1998 have been localized through the decentralization of power and exacerbated by the central government’s ambivalent attitude towards radical Islamists who disregard the rule of law. The book examines the challenges facing governments to accommodate minorities and manage religious pluralism, and furthers understanding of state-religion relations in the Muslim world. This accessible and engaging book is of interest to students and scholars of law and society in Southeast Asia; Islam and the state; politics of the courts; and the legal regulation of religious diversity.
Click
here
to read review >
Dr Stijn Huis (2016), Oxford Journal of Law and Religion
"This book makes a very valuable and significant contribution to the discourse on democracy and legal development in Indonesia where religion, Islam in particular, plays a vital role." Journal of Islamic Studies (OUP, 2015), by Professor Euis Nurlaelawati, State Islamic University, Indonesia
“This book is valuable as a study of the evolving character of extremist Islam in Indonesia, but its more important contribution lies in what it reveals about Indonesian democracy and the underdeveloped state of the Indonesian legal system. Crouch shows that… the key to Islamists’ success in the use of the legal system lies in their ability to exploit the system’s weaknesses.” Professor Mark Cammack (2015), 'Book Review of Law and Religion in Indonesia' in Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia) 3: 377-379
Husni Mubarak (2014) ‘Babak Baru Ketegangan Islam dan Kristen di Indonesia’ 21(3) Studia Islamika (Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies) 579-600. or see the link to short version of the article here.
"This book makes a very valuable and significant contribution to the discourse on democracy and legal development in Indonesia where religion, Islam in particular, plays a vital role." Journal of Islamic Studies (OUP, 2015), by Professor Euis Nurlaelawati, State Islamic University, Indonesia
“This book is valuable as a study of the evolving character of extremist Islam in Indonesia, but its more important contribution lies in what it reveals about Indonesian democracy and the underdeveloped state of the Indonesian legal system. Crouch shows that… the key to Islamists’ success in the use of the legal system lies in their ability to exploit the system’s weaknesses.” Professor Mark Cammack (2015), 'Book Review of Law and Religion in Indonesia' in Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia) 3: 377-379
Husni Mubarak (2014) ‘Babak Baru Ketegangan Islam dan Kristen di Indonesia’ 21(3) Studia Islamika (Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies) 579-600. or see the link to short version of the article here.
Kikue Hamayotsu (2014) ‘Conservative Turn? Religion, State and Conflict in
Indonesia’ 87 (4) Pacific Affairs, 815-825.
(2018) Dr Dian Shah, International Journal of Constitutional Law